Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review

Socio-economic and Cultural Factors Behind Female Students’ Dropout in District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Dr. Muhammad Bilal — 2026-04-26

This study aims to explore the factors influencing girls’ dropout in the Malakand district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). The study specifically examined socioeconomic and cultural factors that contributed to girls’ dropping out of school. Data were collected from twenty-seven girls who dropped out of school. An interview guide was used for in-depth interviews with students who dropped out of secondary school certificate (SSC) and higher secondary school certificate (HSSC) levels. The data were analyzed using qualitative data analysis methods and techniques. The study highlighted that early marriage of girls is one of the major factors that causes girls to drop out of school. We also found that domestic responsibilities were other factors behind girls’ dropping out of school. This study further concluded that social norms and cultural restrictions were among the dominant factors leading girls to drop out of school in the early years, such as in SSC and HSSC.

Climate-Induced Disasters in Pakistan and Rights of Climate Victims under International Law: An Overview from 2020-25

Ayesha Mahmood — 2026-05-31

Climate-induced disasters have evolved from discontinuous natural risks into determined and widespread crises that destabilize human and national security. Climate has been changing rapidly due to vast industrialization and technological advancements worldwide. The study explores how the episodes of disasters influence international humanitarian aid policies, as well as the protection of climate disasters and victims under international law. Using a qualitative research methodology based on secondary sources, the study analyses the adequacy of existing legal and humanitarian frameworks in terms of climate-related emergency response. The key objectives of the research are to emphasize the significance of climate-induced disasters in Pakistan, to explore the rights of climate victims under international law, and to contemplate the applicability of international law in the case of Pakistan under climate disaster. Securitization theory is used to explain climate change and disasters in Pakistan and justify the rights of climate victims. The study concludes that Pakistan’s climate-induced disasters have exposed severe flaws in typical humanitarian response systems as their extent grows larger. Multiple aids from friendly countries and developing states are enough for rapid emergency response instead of long-term recovery approaches, which exposes communities to endless recurring disasters, although international humanitarian aid mechanisms have been evacuating in scale to address climate disasters.

Investigation of the Factors Causing Aggression among Secondary School Students

Sumreen Izhar — 2026-05-31

Aggression is an undesirable behavior that assaults traditions norms, moral and standards of ethics practiced in society. Students' violent conduct is a serious problem for parents, teachers, and society at large. Young children frequently exhibit some degree of verbal and physical violence, but if it persists and becomes out of control, it may become a major issue. In addition to creating a difficult learning environment for teachers and other students, aggressive conduct can have a detrimental impact on children's development, academic performance, and social relationships. The study was conducted to find out factors causing aggression among students at secondary level. This study was delimited only for secondary level students of Chaklala &, Rawalpindi region in these schools. The main objectives of the study were to find out the causes of aggression by the secondary level students. The research design of the study was descriptive. SPSS was used for data analysis. Descriptive, and independent sample t test was used to test the objectives of the study. The results of our study on the disparities in aggressiveness between rural and urban areas indicate that pupils in rural areas are more aggressive, especially when it comes to physical violence. Findings of this study showed that students' levels of aggressiveness are greatly influenced by their gender, age, and whether they live in an urban or rural area. Compared to girls, males often display higher levels of physical violence.Teachers can benefit from this study by receiving specific professional development training on how to deal with and counsel aggressive students. Teachers can advise, educate, and guide parents about the advantages of allowing students to choose their own subjects. Parents can play a significant role in reducing aggressive behavior in students.